This is fourth and latest report in the series of biennial reports that cover the state of competition and regulation in select economic and social sectors in India. This report focusses on private sector-led finance and healthcare, and the public sectorled railways and coal sectors, in addition to dealing with the issues such as regulatory independence and regulatory conflicts. The report highlights that while designing a regulator, the environment and the politicaleconomy factors in which such regulators have to operate, must be taken into account. In addition, consumers must be centrepiece of economic regulation, and regulation must ensure competitive neutrality between the public and private sector.